Alzheimer's & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer's Association
Volume 2, Issue 2 , Pages 110-117 , April 2006

Potentially modifiable risk factors for dementia in identical twins

  • Margaret Gatz

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
    • Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: 213-740-2212; Fax: 213-746-5994.
    • ,
  • James A. Mortimer

      Affiliations

    • Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
    • ,
  • Laura Fratiglioni

      Affiliations

    • Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
    • ,
  • Boo Johansson

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychology, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
    • ,
  • Stig Berg

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
    • Institute of Gerontology, School of Health Sciences, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden
    • ,
  • Chandra A. Reynolds

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychology, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
    • ,
  • Nancy L. Pedersen

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
    • Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

References 

  1. Bird TD . Genetic factors in Alzheimer’s disease . N Engl J Med . 2005;352:862–864
  2. Canadian Study of Health and Aging . Risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease in Canada . Neurology . 1994;44:2073–2080
  3. Evans DA , Hebert LE , Beckett LA , Scherr PA , Albert MS , Chown MJ , et al.   Education and other measures of socioeconomic status and risk of incident Alzheimer disease in a defined population of older persons . Arch Neurol . 1997;54:1399–1405
  4. Ott A , Breteler MM , van Harskamp F , Claus JJ , van der Cammen TJ , Grobbee DE , et al.   Prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia: association with education. The Rotterdam study . BMJ . 1995;310:970–973
  5. Schmand B , Smit J , Lindeboom J , Smits C , Hooijer C , Jonker C , et al.   Low education is a genuine risk factor for accelerated memory decline and dementia . J Clin Epidemiol . 1997;50:1025–1033
  6. Stern Y , Gurland B , Tatemichi TK , Tang MX , Wilder D , Mayeux R . Influence of education and occupation on the incidence of Alzheimer’s disease . JAMA . 1994;271:1004–1010
  7. Plassman BL , Welsh KA , Helms M , Brandt J , Page WF , Breitner JCS . Intelligence and education as predictors of cognitive state in late life (a 50-year follow-up) . Neurology . 1995;45:1446–1450
  8. Orrell M , Sahakian B . Education and dementia . BMJ . 1995;310:951–952
  9. Fratiglioni L , Paillard-Bord S , Winblad B . An active and socially integrated lifestyle in late life might protect against dementia . Lancet Neurol . 2004;3:343–353
  10. Verghese J , Lipton RB , Katz MJ , Hall CB , Derby CA , Kuslansky G , et al.   Leisure activities and the risk of dementia in the elderly . N Engl J Med . 2003;348:2508–2516
  11. Moceri VM , Kukull WA , Emanuel I , van Belle G , Larson EB . Early-life risk factors and the development of Alzheimer’s disease . Neurology . 2000;54:415–420
  12. Moceri VM , Kukull WA , Emanual I , van Belle G , Starr JR , Schellenberg GD , et al.   Using census data and birth certificates to reconstruct the early-life socioeconomic environment and the relation to the development of Alzheimer’s disease . Epidemiology . 2001;12:383–389
  13. Finch C , Robine J-M , Christen Y . Brain and longevity (perspectives in longevity) . Berlin: Springer; 2003;
  14. Kuh DL , Power C , Rodgers B . Secular trends in social class and sex differences in adult height . Int J Epidemiol . 1991;20:1001–1009
  15. Mucci LA , Hsieh C-C , Williams PL , Dickman PW , Björkman P , Pedersen NL . Birth order, sibship size, and housing density in relation to tooth loss and periodontal disease (a cohort study among Swedish twins) . Am J Epidemiol . 2004;159:499–506
  16. Abbott RD , White LR , Ross GW , Petrovitch H , Masaki KH , Snowdon DA , et al.   Height as a marker of childhood development and late-life cognitive function (the Honolulu-Asia Aging Study) . Pediatrics . 1998;102:602–609
  17. Kondo K , Niino M , Shido K . A case-control study of Alzheimer’s disease in Japan—significance of life-styles . Dementia . 1994;5:314–326
  18. Andrew T , Hart DJ , Snieder H , de Lange M , Spector TD , MacGregor AJ . Are twins and singletons comparable? A study of disease-related and lifestyle characteristics in adult women . Twin Res . 2001;4:464–477
  19. Lichtenstein P , de Faire U , Floderus B , Svartengren M , Svedberg P , Pedersen NL . The Swedish Twin Registry (a unique resource for clinical, epidemiological, and genetic studies) . J Intern Med . 2002;252:184–205
  20. Gatz M , Fratiglioni L , Johansson B , Berg S , Mortimer JA , Reynolds CA , et al.   Complete ascertainment of dementia in the Swedish Twin Registry (the HARMONY study) . Neurobiol Aging . 2005;26:439–447
  21. Jin Y-P , Gatz M , Johansson B , Pedersen NL . Sensitivity and specificity of dementia coding in two Swedish disease registries . Neurology . 2004;63:739–741
  22. SAS Institute . SAS system for Microsoft Windows, version 9 [Computer software] . Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc; 2003;
  23. Moradi T , Adami HO , Ekbom A , et al.   Physical activity and risk for breast cancer a prospective cohort study among Swedish twins . Int J Cancer . 2002;100:76–81
  24. Lin DY . Cox regression analysis of multivariate failure time data (the marginal approach) . Stat Med . 1994;13:2233–2247
  25. Page RC . The pathobiology of periodontal diseases may affect systemic diseases (inversion of a paradigm) . Ann Periodontal . 1998;3:108–120
  26. Finch CE , Crimmins EM . Inflammatory exposure and historical changes in human life-spans . Science . 2004;305:1736–1739
  27. Chorsky RL , Yaghmai F , Hill WD , Stopa EG . Alzheimer’s disease (a review concerning immune response and microischemia) . Med Hypotheses . 2001;56:124–127
  28. Kolltveit KM , Eriksen HM . Is the observed association between periodontitis and atherosclerosis causal? . Eur J Oral Sci . 2001;109:2–7
  29. Holm-Pedersen P , Avlund K , Morse DE , Stoltze K , Katz RV , Viitanen M , et al.   Dental caries, periodontal disease, and cardiac arrhythmias in community-dwelling older persons aged 80 and older (is there a link?) . J Am Geriatr Soc . 2005;53:430–437
  30. Desvarieux M , Demmer RT , Rundek T , Boden-Albala B , Jacobs DR , Papapanou PN , et al.   Oral Infections and Vascular Disease Epidemiology Study (INVEST). Relationship between periodontal disease, tooth loss, and carotid artery plaque (the Oral Infections and Vascular Disease Epidemiology Study (INVEST)) . Stroke . 2003;34:2120–2125
  31. Lowe G , Woodward M , Rumley A , Morrison C , Tunstall-Pedoe H , Stephen K . Total tooth loss and prevalent cardiovascular disease in men and women (possible roles of citrus fruit consumption, vitamin C, and inflammatory and thrombotic variables) . J Clin Epidemiol . 2003;56:694–700
  32. Gatz M , Svedberg P , Pedersen NL , Mortimer JA , Berg S , Johansson B . Education and the risk of Alzheimer’s disease (findings from the Study of Dementia in Swedish Twins) . J Gerontol B-Psychol . 2001;56:P292–P300
  33. Crowe M , Andel R , Pedersen NL , Johansson B , Gatz M . Does participation in leisure activities lead to reduced risk of Alzheimer’s disease. A prospective study of Swedish twins . J Gerontol-Psychol . 2003;58:P249–P255

PII: S1552-5260(06)00003-3

doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2006.01.002

Alzheimer's & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer's Association
Volume 2, Issue 2 , Pages 110-117 , April 2006

Article Tools