Alzheimer's & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer's Association
Volume 3, Issue 4 , Pages 283-291 , October 2007

Mild cognitive impairment and cognitive impairment, no dementia: Part B, therapy

  • Fadi Massoud

      Affiliations

    • Service de Gériatrie, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, and Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
    • Corresponding Author InformationAdditional Corresponding author. Tel.: (514) 890-8000 26769; Fax: (514) 412-7506.
    • ,
  • Sylvie Belleville

      Affiliations

    • Centre de recherche, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
    • Department de Psychologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
    • ,
  • Howard Bergman

      Affiliations

    • Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
    • Bloomfield Centre for Research in Aging, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
    • ,
  • John Kirk

      Affiliations

    • Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
    • ,
  • Howard Chertkow

      Affiliations

    • Centre de recherche, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
    • Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
    • Bloomfield Centre for Research in Aging, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
    • Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: (514) 340-8260; Fax: (514) 340-8925.
    • ,
  • Ziad Nasreddine

      Affiliations

    • Département de médecine, service de neurologie, Hôpital Charles LeMoyne and Université de Sherbrooke, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
    • ,
  • Yves Joanette

      Affiliations

    • Centre de recherche, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
    • Faculté de Médicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
    • ,
  • Morris Freedman

      Affiliations

    • Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Toronto, and Behavioural Neurology Program, Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

References 

  1. Chertkow H. Mild cognitive Impairment and very early stage Alzheimer’s disease. In: Gauthier S  editors. Clinical diagnosis and management of Alzheimer’s disease. third edition. London: Informa UK; 2006;p. 205–221
  2. Chertkow H. Emerging pharmacological therapies for mild cognitive impairment. In: Hultsch  editors. Mild cognitive impairment: international perspectives. New York: Taylor & Francis; 2006;p. 217–243IHTaD
  3. Kramer AF, Bherer L, Colcombe SJ, Dong W, Greenough WT. Environmental influences on cognitive and brain plasticity during aging. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2004;59:M940–M957
  4. Lindstrom HA, Fritsch T, Petot G, Smyth KA, Chen CH, Debanne SM, et al. The relationships between television viewing in midlife and the development of Alzheimer’s disease in a case-control study. Brain Cogn. 2005;58:157–165
  5. Wilson RS, Barnes LL, Mendes de Leon CF, Aggarwal NT, Schneider JS, Bach J, et al. Participation in cognitively stimulating activities and risk of incident Alzheimer disease. JAMA. 2002;287:742–748
  6. Verhaeghen P, Marcoen A, Goossens L. Improving memory performance in the aged through mnemonic training: a meta-analytic study. Psychol Aging. 1992;7:242–251
  7. Ball K, Berch DB, Helmers KF, Jobe JB, Leveck MD, Marsike M, et al. Effects of cognitive training interventions with older adults: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002;288:2271–2281
  8. Olazarán J, Muniz R, Resiberg B, Pena-Casanova J, del Ser T, Cruz-Jentoft AJ, et al. Benefits of cognitive-motor intervention in MCI and mild to moderate Alzheimer disease. Neurology. 2004;63:2348–2353
  9. Rapp S, Brenes G, Marsh AP. Memory enhancement training for older adults with mild cognitive impairment: a preliminary study. Aging Ment Health. 2002;6:5–11
  10. Gunther VK, Schafer P, Holzner BJ, Kemmler GW. Long-term improvements in cognitive performance through computer-assisted cognitive training: a pilot study in a residential home for older people. Aging Ment Health. 2003;7:200–206
  11. Belleville S, Gilbert B, Fontaine F, Gagnon L, Menard E, Gauthier S. Improvement of episodic memory in persons with mild cognitive impairment and healthy older adults: evidence from a cognitive intervention program. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2006;22:486–499
  12. Lytle ME, Vander Bilt J, Pandav RS, Dodge HH, Ganguli M. Exercise level and cognitive decline: the MoVIES project. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2004;18:57–64
  13. Laurin D, Verreault R, Lindsay J, MacPherson K, Rockwood K. Physical activity and risk of cognitive impairment and dementia in elderly persons. Arch Neurol. 2001;58:498–504
  14. Wilson RS, Beckett LA, Barnes LL, Schneider JA, Bach J, Evans DA, et al. Individual differences in rates of change in cognitive abilities of older persons. Psychol Aging. 2002;17:179–193
  15. Colcombe S, Kramer AF. Fitness effects on the cognitive function of older adults: a meta-analytic study. Psychol Sci. 2003;14:125–130
  16. Heyn P, Abreu BC, Ottenbacher KJ. The effects of exercise training on elderly persons with cognitive impairment and dementia: a meta-analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004;85:1694–1704
  17. DeKosky ST, Ikonomovic MD, Styren SD, Beckett L, Wisniewski S, Bennett DA, et al. Upregulation of choline acetyltransferase activity in hippocampus and frontal cortex of elderly subjects with mild cognitive impairment. Ann Neurol. 2002;51:145–155
  18. Terry AV, Buccafusco JJ. The cholinergic hypothesis of age and Alzheimer’s disease-related cognitive deficits: recent challenges and their implications for novel drug development. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2003;306:821–827
  19. Salloway S, Ferris S, Kluger A, Goldman R, Griesing T, Kumar D, et al. Efficacy of donepezil in mild cognitive impairment: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Neurology. 2004;63:651–657
  20. Petersen RC, Thomas RG, Grundman M, Bennet D, Doody R, Ferris S, et al. Vitamin E and donepezil for the treatment of mild cognitive impairment. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:2379–2388
  21. Blacker D. Mild cognitive impairment: no benefit from vitamin E, little from donepezil. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:2439–2441
  22. Ferris S, Feldman H, Sfikas N, Mancione L, Lane R. Time to clinical diagnosis of dementia in MCI subjects receiving rivastigmine: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Int Psychogeriatr. 2005;17:242;(abstract)
  23. Feldman HH, Ferris S, Winblad B, Sfikas N, Mancione L, He Y, et al. Effect of rivastigmine on delay to diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease from mild cognitive impairment: the InDDEx study. Lancet Neurol. 2007;6:501–512
  24. Scheltens P, Fox NC, Barkhof F, Gold M. Effect of galantamine treatment on brain atrophy as assessed by MRI in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Neurobiol Aging. 2004;25(Suppl 2):S270–S271
  25. Etminan M, Gill S, Samii A. Effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on risk of Alzheimer’s disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. BMJ. 2003;327:128–131
  26. Thal LJ, Ferris SH, Kirby L, Block GA, Lines CR, Yuen E, et al. A randomized, double-blind, study of rofecoxib in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2005;30:1204–1215
  27. Massoud F, Yaffe K, Sano M. Estrogen. In:  Qizillbash N editors. Evidence-based dementia practice. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science; 2002;p. 523–526
  28. Shumaker SA, Legault C, Rapp SR, Thal L, Wallace RB, Ockene JK, et al. Estrogen plus progestin and the incidence of dementia and mild cognitive impairment in postmenopausal women: the Women’s Health Initiative Memory Study—a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2003;289:2651–2662
  29. Yaffe K, Krueger K, Cummings SR, Blackwell T, Henderson VW, Sarkar S, et al. Effect of raloxifene on prevention of dementia and cognitive impairment in older women: the Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation (MORE) randomized trial. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162:683–690
  30. van Dongen M, van Rossum E, Kessels A, Sielhorst H, Knipschild P. Ginkgo for elderly people with dementia and age-associated memory impairment: a randomized clinical trial. J Clin Epidemiol. 2003;56:367–376
  31. Birks J, Grimley EV, Van Dongen M. Ginkgo biloba for cognitive impairment and dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;CD003120
  32. Morris MC, Evans DA, Bienias JL, Tangney CC, Wilson RS. Vitamin E and cognitive decline in older persons. Arch Neurol. 2002;59:1125–1132
  33. Engelhart MJ, Gerlings MI, Ruitenberg A, van Swieten JC, Hofman A, Witteman JC, et al. Dietary intake of antioxidants and risk of Alzheimer disease. JAMA. 2002;287:3223–3229
  34. Sano M, Ernesto C, Thomas RG, Klauber MR, Schafer K, Grundman M, et al. A controlled trial of selegiline, alpha-tocopherol, or both as treatment for Alzheimer’s disease: the Alzheimer’s Disease Cooperative Study. New Engl J Med. 1997;336:1216–1222
  35. Miller ER, Pastor-Barriuso R, Dalal D, Riemersma RA, Appel LJ, Guallar E. Meta-analysis: high-dosage vitamin E supplementation may increase all-cause mortality. Ann Intern Med. 2005;142:37–46
  36. Ott A, Stolk RP, van Harskamp F, Pols HA, Hofman A, Breteler MM. Diabetes mellitus and the risk of dementia: the Rotterdam Study. Neurology. 1999;53:1937–1942
  37. Yaffe K, Blackwell T, Kanaya AM, Davidowitz N, Barrett-Connor E, Krueger K. Diabetes, impaired fasting glucose, and development of cognitive impairment in older women. Neurology. 2004;63:658–663
  38. Yaffe K, Kanaya A, Lindquist K, Simonsick EM, Harris T, Shorr RI, et al. The metabolic syndrome, inflammation, and risk of cognitive decline. JAMA. 2004;292:2237–2242
  39. Elias MF, Elias PK, Sullivan LM, Wolf PA, D’Agostino RB. Lower cognitive function in the presence of obesity and hypertension: the Framingham heart study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2003;27:260–268
  40. Forette F, Seux ML, Staessen JA, Thijs L, Birkenhäger WH, Babarskiene MR, et al. Prevention of dementia in randomised double-blind placebo-controlled Systolic Hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) trial. Lancet. 1998;352:1347–1351
  41. Tzourio C, Anderson C, Chapman N, Woodward N, Neal B, MacMahon S, et al. Effects of blood pressure lowering with perindopril and indapamide therapy on dementia and cognitive decline in patients with cerebrovascular disease. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:1069–1075
  42. Shepherd J, Blauw GJ, Murphy MB, Bollen EL, Buckley BM, Cobbe SM, et al. Pravastatin in elderly individuals at risk of vascular disease (PROSPER): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;360:1623–1630
  43. Collins R, Armitage J, Parish S, Sleight P, Peto R. Effects of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin on stroke and other major vascular events in 20536 people with cerebrovascular disease or other high-risk conditions. Lancet. 2004;363:757–767
  44. Starr JM, Whalley LJ, Deary IJ. The effects of antihypertensive treatment on cognitive function: results from the HOPE study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1996;44:411–415
  45. Ishizaki J, Meguro K, Ohe K, Kimura E, Tsuchiya E, Ishii H, et al. Therapeutic psychosocial intervention for elderly subjects with very mild Alzheimer disease in a community: the tajiri project. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2002;16:261–269
  46. Poon P, Hui E, Dai D, Kwok T, Woo J. Cognitive intervention for community-dwelling older persons with memory problems: telemedicine versus face-to-face treatment. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2005;20:285–286

PII: S1552-5260(07)00557-2

doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2007.07.002

Alzheimer's & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer's Association
Volume 3, Issue 4 , Pages 283-291 , October 2007

Article Tools