« Previous
Next »
Alzheimer's & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer's Association
Volume 3, Issue 4
, Pages 299-317
, October 2007
Neuropsychological testing and assessment for dementia
References
- The Houston conference on specialty education and training in clinical neuropsychology. Policy statement. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 1998;157–250.
- . Spectrum bias or spectrum effect? subgroup variation in diagnostic test evaluation. Ann Intern Med. 2002;137:598–602
- . Brief screening tests for dementia. Can J Psychiatry. 2002;47:723–733
- . The Mini-Mental State Examination. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1983;40:812
- . The mini-mental state examination: a comprehensive review. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1992;40:922–935
- . Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the modified MMSE (3MS): a psychometric comparison and normative data. Psychol Assess. 1996;8:48–59
- Risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease: a prospective analysis from the Canadian Study of Health and Aging. Am J Epidemiol. 2002;156:445–453
- . Adjusting Mini-Mental State Examination scores for age and educational level to screen for dementia: correcting bias or reducing validity?. Int Psychogeriatr. 1998;10:43–51
- . Mild cognitive impairment. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2005;13:645–655
- . Mild cognitive impairment: clinical characterization and outcome. Arch Neurol. 1999;56:303–308
- Prevalence and severity of cognitive impairment with and without dementia in an elderly population. Lancet. 1997;349:1793–1796
- . Variations in case definition affect prevalence but not outcomes of mild cognitive impairment. Neurology. 2003;61:1179–1184
- A Canadian cohort study of cognitive impairment and related dementias (ACCORD): study methods and baseline results. Neuroepidemiology. 2003;22:265–274
- . Practice parameter: early detection of dementia: mild cognitive impairment (an evidence-based review)—report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2001;56:1133–1142
- The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53:695–699
- DemTect: a new, sensitive cognitive screening test to support the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment and early dementia. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2004;19:136–143
- Utility of a modified Mini-Mental State Examination with extended delayed recall in screening for mild cognitive impairment and dementia among community dwelling elders. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2000;15:434–440
- Comparison of the short test of mental status and the mini-mental state examination in mild cognitive impairment. Arch Neurol. 2003;60:1777–1781
- Olfactory screening test in mild cognitive impairment. Neurol Sci. 2005;26:156–160
- . Presence of both odor identification and detection deficits in Alzheimer’s disease. Brain Res Bull. 1987;18:597–600
- . Olfactory event-related potentials in Alzheimer’s disease. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2002;8:753–763
- . The Modified Mini-Mental State (3MS) examination. J Clin Psychiatry. 1987;48:314–318
- Canadian Study of Health and Aging: study methods and prevalence of dementia. CMAJ. 1994;150:899–913
- . The Clock Test: a sensitive measure to differentiate normal elderly from those with Alzheimer disease. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1992;40:579–584
- . Screening for cognitive impairment in the elderly. Can Fam Physician. 1997;43:1763–1768
- . Clock-drawing: is it the ideal cognitive screening test?. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2000;15:548–561
- . Clinical dementia rating: a reliable and valid diagnostic and staging measure for dementia of the Alzheimer type. Int Psychogeriatr. 1997;9(Suppl 1):173–176
- The clock drawing test is a poor screen for very mild dementia. Neurology. 2002;59:898–903
- . A combination of tests for the diagnosis of dementia had a significant diagnostic value. J Clin Epidemiol. 2005;58:217–225
- . Early diagnosis of dementia via a two-step screening and diagnostic procedure. Int Psychogeriatr. 1997;9(Suppl 1):123–130
- A 7 minute neurocognitive screening battery highly sensitive to Alzheimer’s disease. Arch Neurol. 1998;55:349–355
- Identifying dementia in the primary care practice. Int Psychogeriatr. 2000;12:483–493
- . Screening for Alzheimer’s disease: the memory impairment screen versus the conventional three-word memory test. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2002;50:1086–1091
- The GPCOG: A new screening test for dementia designed for general practice. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2002;50:530–534
- . Brief screening tests for the diagnosis of dementia: comparison with the mini-mental state exam. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2005;19:8–16
- . The Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment Scale (RUDAS): a multicultural cognitive assessment scale. Int Psychogeriatr. 2004;16:13–31
- . The behavioural neurology assessment. Can J Neurol Sci. 2005;32:167–177
- . Do long tests yield a more accurate diagnosis of dementia than short tests? a comparison of 5 neuropsychological tests. Arch Neurol. 1996;53:1033–1039
- . Evaluation of dementia: a systematic study of the usefulness of the American Academy of Neurology’s practice parameters. Neurology. 1997;49:925–935
- Assessment of suspected dementia. Can J Neurol Sci. 2001;28(Suppl 1):28–41
- . Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer’s Disease. Neurology. 1984;34:939–944
- . Aging-associated cognitive decline: Working Party of the International Psychogeriatric Association in collaboration with the World Health Organization. Int Psychogeriatr. 1994;6:63–68
- . Neuropsychological characterization of cognitively-impaired-not-demented (CIND) individuals: clinical comparison data. Clin Neuropsychol. 2004;18:208–228
- . Neuropsychological subgroups of cognitively-impaired-not-demented (CIND) individuals: delineation, reliability, and predictive validity. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2005;27:164–188
- Neuropsychological characteristics of mild cognitive impairment subgroups. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2006;77:159–165
- Mild cognitive impairment can be distinguished from Alzheimer disease and normal aging for clinical trials. Arch Neurol. 2004;61:59–66
- Multiple cognitive deficits in amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2006;22:306–311
- . Behavioral characterization of mild cognitive impairment. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2002;24:720–733
- . Detection of abnormal memory decline in mild cases of Alzheimer’s disease using CERAD neuropsychological measures. Arch Neurol. 1991;48:278–281
- Detection of dementia of the Alzheimer type in a population-based sample: neuropsychological test performance. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 1995;1:252–260
- . Delayed recall in dementia: sensitivity and specificity in patients with higher than average general intellectual abilities. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol. 1998;11:200–206
- . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fourth edition, text revision (DSM-IV-TR). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association; 2000;
- . Neuropsychological test performance of specific diagnostic groups in the Canadian Study of Health and Aging (CSHA). J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1995;17:773–785
- . Homogeneity and heterogeneity in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study of 55 cases. Brain. 2003;126(Pt 11):2350–2362
- . The course of cognitive impairment in preclinical Alzheimer disease: three- and 6-year follow-up of a population-based sample. Arch Neurol. 2000;57:839–844
- . A change point model for estimating the onset of cognitive decline in preclinical Alzheimer’s disease. Stat Med. 2000;19:1555–1566
- A prospective study of cognitive function and onset of dementia in cognitively healthy elders. Arch Neurol. 1998;55:395–401
- The 9 year cognitive decline before dementia of the Alzheimer type: a prospective population-based study. Brain. 2005;128(Pt 5):1093–1101
- . Patterns of cognitive decline in presymptomatic Alzheimer disease: a prospective community study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001;58:853–858
- . Subtle memory decline over 12 months in mild cognitive impairment. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2004;18:342–348
- . Paired associate performance in the early detection of DAT. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2002;8:58–71
- . Progression to dementia in patients with isolated memory loss. Lancet. 1997;349:763–765
- . Neuropsychological tests accurately predict incident Alzheimer disease after 5 and 10 years. Neurology. 2005;64:1853–1859
- Prediction of probable Alzheimer’s disease in memory-impaired patients: a prospective longitudinal study. Neurology. 1996;46:661–665
- Mild cognitive impairment: a cross-national comparison. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004;75:1275–1280
- . The detection of mild cognitive impairment in the general practice setting. Aging Ment Health. 2003;7:251–258
- . The preclinical phase of Alzheimer disease: a 22-year prospective study of the Framingham Cohort. Arch Neurol. 2000;57:808–813
- . Cognitive markers preceding Alzheimer’s dementia in the healthy oldest old. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1997;45:584–589
- . Detecting dementia: novel neuropsychological markers of preclinical Alzheimer’s disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2004;17:42–48
- . Detection of Alzheimer’s disease and dementia in the preclinical phase: population based cohort study. BMJ. 2003;326:245
- . Questionable dementia: clinical course and predictors of outcome. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1997;45:321–328
- . Mild cognitive impairments predict dementia in nondemented elderly patients with memory loss. Arch Neurol. 2001;58:411–416
- . Cognitive impairment in preclinical Alzheimer’s disease: a meta-analysis. Neuropsychology. 2005;19:520–531
- . Detection of mild dementia in community surveys: is it possible to increase the accuracy of our diagnostic instruments?. Arch Neurol. 1997;54:319–324
- . Neuropsychological prediction of conversion to dementia from questionable dementia: statistically significant but not yet clinically useful. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003;74:433–438
- Cognitive process in preclinical phase of dementia. Brain. 1998;121(Pt 1):135–141
- . A typology of sub-clinical senescent cognitive disorder. Br J Psychiatry. 1996;168:470–476
- . Understanding the diagnostic capabilities of cognitive tests. Clin Neuropsychol. 2001;15:114–124
- . Frontotemporal dementia. Lancet Neurol. 2005;4:771–780
- . Diagnosis, classification and natural history of degenerative dementias. Can J Neurol Sci. 2001;28(Suppl 1):S17–S27
- . Frontal lobe degeneration of non-Alzheimer type (II. Clinical picture and differential diagnosis). Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 1987;6:209–223
- . Dementia of frontal lobe type. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1988;51:353–361
- . Performance on the dementia rating scale in Parkinson’s disease with dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies: comparison with progressive supranuclear palsy and Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003;74:1215–1220
- Simple standardised neuropsychological assessments aid in the differential diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies from Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 1999;10:104–108
- . Perception, attention, and working memory are disproportionately impaired in dementia with Lewy bodies compared with Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2001;70:157–164
- . Differential memory and executive functions in demented patients with Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1991;54:25–29
- . Differentiation of vascular dementia from AD on neuropsychological tests. Neurology. 1999;53:670–678
- . Some relationships between global amnesia and the memory impairment in Alzheimer’s disease. In: Corkin S, Davis K, Growdon JH editor. Alzheimer’s disease: a report of progress on research. New York: Raven Press; 1982;p. 149–164
- . Memory improvement at different stages of Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychologia. 1989;27:737–742
- . On the nature of the verbal memory deficit in Alzheimer’s disease. Brain Lang. 1985;25:323–341
- . Frontotemporal dementia (Pick’s disease): clinical features and assessment. Neurology. 2001;56(Suppl 4):6–10
- . Memory impairment differs in frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. Neurocase. 2001;7:161–171
- . Systematic review and meta-analysis show that dementia with Lewy bodies is a visual-perceptual and attentional-executive dementia. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2003;16:229–237
- . Qualitative performance characteristics differentiate dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002;72:602–607
- . Dementia associated with Parkinson’s disease. Lancet Neurol. 2003;2:229–237
- Fluctuations in attention: PD dementia vs DLB with parkinsonism. Neurology. 2002;59:1714–1720
- . Dementia: a clinical approach, 3 ed. Philadelphia: Butterworth-Heinemann (Elsevier); 2003;
- A comparison of episodic memory deficits in neuropathologically-confirmed dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer’s disease. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2004;10:689–697
- Helkala EL, Laulumaa V, Soininen H, Riekkinen PJ. Recall and recognition memory in patients with Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. Ann Neurol;24:214–7.
- . Explicit memory in Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s, and Parkinson’s diseases. Arch Neurol. 1993;50:374–379
- Recognition memory and verbal fluency differentiate probable Alzheimer disease from subcortical ischemic vascular dementia. Arch Neurol. 2001;58:1654–1659
- . Recall and recognition as diagnostic indices of malignant memory loss in senile dementia: a Bayesian analysis. Exp Aging Res. 1982;8:189–193
- . Cued recall and the nature of the memory disorder in dementia. Br J Psychiatry. 1984;144:383–386
- . Cognitive tests that best discriminate between presymptomatic AD and those who remain nondemented. Neurology. 2000;55:1847–1853
- . Frontotemporal dementia: a review. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2002;8:566–583
- . Behavioral quantitation is more sensitive than cognitive testing in frontotemporal dementia. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2003;17:223–229
- . Aphasia in senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. Ann Neurol. 1988;23:365–370
- . The dissolution of language in Alzheimer’s disease. Can J Neurol Sci. 1986;13(Suppl):415–418
- . A study of language functioning in Alzheimer patients. Brain Lang. 1982;17:73–91
- . Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease: comparison of speech and language alterations. Neurology. 1988;38:680–684
- . Neuropsychological differences between the dementias of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. Arch Neurol. 1989;46:1287–1291
- . Sentence comprehension and praxis deficits in Parkinson’s disease. Neurology. 1991;41:1620–1626
- . Sentence comprehension in Parkinson’s disease: the role of attention and memory. Brain Lang. 1992;42:347–384
- . Pyramids and palm trees: a test of semantic access from pictures and words. St Edmunds, Suffolk, UK: Thames Valley Test Company; 1992;
- Cognitive loss in dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol. 1998;55:1547–1552
- . Pentagon drawing and neuropsychological performance in dementia with Lewy bodies, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and Parkinson’s disease with dementia. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2004;19:371–377
- . Comparison of cognitive changes in patients with Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. Arch Neurol. 1993;50:1040–1045
- . Perceptual motor dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease: a deficit in sequential and predictive voluntary movement. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1983;46:145–151
- Cognitive profiles differ in autopsy-confirmed frontotemporal dementia and AD. Neurology. 2002;58:1801–1808
- . Behaviour in frontotemporal dementia, Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia. Acta Neurol Scand. 2001;103:367–378
- . Which neuropsychiatric and behavioural features distinguish frontal and temporal variants of frontotemporal dementia from Alzheimer’s disease?. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2000;69:178–186
- . Frontal behavioral inventory: diagnostic criteria for frontal lobe dementia. Can J Neurol Sci. 1997;24:29–36
- . The Frontal Behavioral Inventory in the differential diagnosis of frontotemporal dementia. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2000;6:460–468
- . Alzheimer disease and frontotemporal dementias: behavioral distinctions. Arch Neurol. 1996;53:687–690
- A study of the Lund-Manchester research criteria for frontotemporal dementia: clinical and single-photon emission CT correlations. Neurology. 1997;48:937–942
- . The pathological basis of semantic dementia. Brain. 2005;128(Pt 9):1984–1995
- . A longitudinal study of behavior in frontotemporal dementia and primary progressive aphasia. Cogn Behav Neurol. 2004;17:185–190
- . The interrelations between psychosis, behavioral disturbance, and depression in Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 1999;13(Suppl 2):S3–S8
- . Psychiatric symptoms associated with Alzheimer’s disease. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1990;2:28–33
- Incidence of and risk factors for hallucinations and delusions in patients with probable AD. Neurology. 2000;54:1965–1971
- Psychiatric morbidity in dementia with Lewy bodies: a prospective clinical and neuropathological comparative study with Alzheimer’s disease. Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156:1039–1045
- . A comparative study of psychiatric symptoms in dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson’s disease with and without dementia. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2001;16:528–536
- . Neuropsychiatric differences between Parkinson’s disease with dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2001;16:184–191
- . Hallucinations in Parkinson’s disease: prevalence, phenomenology and risk factors. Brain. 2000;123(Pt 4):733–745
- . Anxiety, depression and psychosis in vascular dementia: prevalence and associations. J Affect Disord. 2000;59:97–106
- . Neuropsychiatric aspects of multi-infarct dementia and dementia of the Alzheimer type. Arch Neurol. 1987;44:389–393
- Neuropsychological, psychiatric, and cerebral blood flow findings in vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. Stroke. 1996;27:408–414
- . A comparison of psychiatric symptoms in vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. Am J Psychiatry. 1993;150:1806–1812
- . Neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia-frequency, relationship to dementia severity and comparison in Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementia and frontotemporal dementia. J Neurol Sci. 2005;236:43–48
- . Vascular dementia: dead or alive?. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1998;13:277–284
- . Clock drawing (a neuropsychological analysis). New York: Oxford University Press; 1994;
- . Discrimination of dementia with Lewy bodies from Alzheimer disease and Parkinson disease using the clock drawing test. Cogn Behav Neurol. 2003;16:85–92
- . Quantitative and qualitative analyses of clock drawings in Alzheimer’s and Huntington’s disease. Brain Cogn. 1992;18:70–87
- . Longitudinal analysis of clock drawing in Alzheimer’s disease patients. Brain Cogn. 1996;31:17–34
- . Clinical features of frontal lobe dementia in comparison to Alzheimer’s disease. J Neural Transm Suppl. 1996;47:103–123
- Frontal lobe degeneration: clinical, neuropsychological, and SPECT characteristics. Neurology. 1991;41:1374–1382
- Theory of mind in patients with frontal variant frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer’s disease: theoretical and practical implications. Brain. 2002;125(Pt 4):752–764
- . Lewy body cortical involvement may not always predict dementia in Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003;74:852–856
- . Neuropsychological Assessment. New York: Oxford University Press; 2004;
- . Neuropsychological testing and assessment scales for dementia of the Alzheimer’s type. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 1997;20:25–43
- . Neuropsychological testing in the diagnosis of dementia. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2006;19:155–159
- . Memory rehabilitation in Alzheimer’s disease: a review of progress. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2001;16:794–809
- . A quantitative review of cognitive deficits in depression and Alzheimer-type dementia. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 1997;3:631–651
- . A review of the cognitive and behavioral symptoms in dementia with Lewy bodies. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2000;12:425–450
- Distinctive neuropsychological patterns in frontotemporal dementia, semantic dementia, and Alzheimer disease. Cogn Behav Neurol. 2003;16:211–218
- . A brief cognitive test battery to differentiate Alzheimer’s disease and frontotemporal dementia. Neurology. 2000;55:1613–1620
- Cognition and anatomy in three variants of primary progressive aphasia. Ann Neurol. 2004;55:335–346
- The differentiation of semantic dementia and frontal lobe dementia (temporal and frontal variants of frontotemporal dementia) from early Alzheimer’s disease: a comparative neuropsychological study. Neuropsychology. 1999;13:31–40
- . Symptomatological characteristics distinguish between frontotemporal dementia and vascular dementia with a dominant frontal lobe syndrome. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1997;12:656–661
- . Memory disorders associated with Huntington’s disease: verbal recall, verbal recognition and procedural memory. Neuropsychologia. 1985;23:729–743
PII: S1552-5260(07)00564-X
doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2007.07.011
© 2007 The Alzheimer’s Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
« Previous
Next »
Alzheimer's & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer's Association
Volume 3, Issue 4
, Pages 299-317
, October 2007
