Alzheimer's & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer's Association
Volume 4, Issue 4 , Pages 242-250 , July 2008

Inflammation and Alzheimer's disease: Possible role of periodontal diseases

  • Angela R. Kamer

      Affiliations

    • Department of Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY, USA
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: 212-998-9868; fax: 212-995-4603.
  • ,
  • Ronald G. Craig

      Affiliations

    • Department of Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY, USA
    • Department of Basic Sciences and Craniofacial Biology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY, USA
  • ,
  • Ananda P. Dasanayake

      Affiliations

    • Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY, USA
  • ,
  • Miroslaw Brys

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, USA
  • ,
  • Lidia Glodzik-Sobanska

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, USA
  • ,
  • Mony J. de Leon

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, USA
    • Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA

References 

  1. Nee LE, Lippa CF. Alzheimer's disease in 22 twin pairs: 13-year follow-up—hormonal, infectious and traumatic factors. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 1999;10:148–151
  2. McGeer PL, McGeer EG. Inflammation, autotoxicity and Alzheimer disease. Neurobiol Aging. 2001;22:799–809
  3. Akiyama H, Barger S, Barnum S, Bradt B, Bauer J, Cole GM, et al. Inflammation and Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging. 2000;21:383–421
  4. Konsman JP, Drukarch B, Van Dam AM. (Peri)vascular production and action of pro-inflammatory cytokines in brain pathology. Clin Sci (Lond). 2007;112:1–25
  5. Gosselin D, Rivest S. Role of IL-1 and TNF in the brain: twenty years of progress on a Dr Jekyll/Mr Hyde duality of the innate immune system. Brain Behav Immun. 2007;21:281–289
  6. Engelhart MJ, Geerlings MI, Meijer J, Kiliaan A, Ruitenberg A, van Swieten JC, et al. Inflammatory proteins in plasma and the risk of dementia: the rotterdam study. Arch Neurol. 2004;61:668–672
  7. Yaffe K, Kanaya A, Lindquist K, Simonsick EM, Harris T, Shorr RI, et al. The metabolic syndrome, inflammation, and risk of cognitive decline. JAMA. 2004;292:2237–2242
  8. Schmidt R, Schmidt H, Curb JD, Masaki K, White LR, Launer LJ. Early inflammation and dementia: a 25-year follow-up of the Honolulu-Asia Aging Study. Ann Neurol. 2002;52:168–174
  9. Kalman J, Juhasz A, Laird G, Dickens P, Jardanhazy T, Rimanoczy A, et al. Serum interleukin-6 levels correlate with the severity of dementia in Down syndrome and in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neurol Scand. 1997;96:236–240
  10. Holmes C, El-Okl M, Williams AL, Cunningham C, Wilcockson D, Perry VH. Systemic infection, interleukin 1beta, and cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003;74:788–789
  11. Nicoll JA, Mrak RE, Graham DI, Stewart J, Wilcock G, MacGowan S, et al. Association of interleukin-1 gene polymorphisms with Alzheimer's disease. Ann Neurol. 2000;47:365–368
  12. in't Veld BA, Ruitenberg A, Hofman A, Stricker BH, Breteler MM. Antihypertensive drugs and incidence of dementia: the Rotterdam Study. Neurobiol Aging. 2001;22:407–412
  13. Stewart WF, Kawas C, Corrada M, Metter EJ. Risk of Alzheimer's disease and duration of NSAID use. Neurology. 1997;48:626–632
  14. McGeer PL, McGeer EG. Anti-inflammatory drugs in the fight against Alzheimer's disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1996;777:213–220
  15. Aisen PS, Schafer KA, Grundman M, Pfeiffer E, Sano M, Davis KL, et al. Effects of rofecoxib or naproxen vs placebo on Alzheimer disease progression: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2003;289:2819–2826
  16. Thal LJ, Ferris SH, Kirby L, Block GA, Lines CR, Yuen E, et al. A randomized, double-blind, study of rofecoxib in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2005;30:1204–1215
  17. Townsend KP, Pratico D. Novel therapeutic opportunities for Alzheimer's disease: focus on nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Faseb J. 2005;19:1592–1601
  18. von Bernhardi R, Eugenin J. Microglial reactivity to beta-amyloid is modulated by astrocytes and proinflammatory factors. Brain Res. 2004;1025:186–193
  19. Dantzer R, Konsman JP, Bluthe RM, Kelley KW. Neural and humoral pathways of communication from the immune system to the brain: parallel or convergent?. Auton Neurosci. 2000;85:60–65
  20. Miller AJ, Luheshi GN, Rothwell NJ, Hopkins SJ. Local cytokine induction by LPS in the rat air pouch and its relationship to the febrile response. Am J Physiol. 1997;272(Pt 2):R857–R861
  21. Rivest S. Molecular insights on the cerebral innate immune system. Brain Behav Immun. 2003;17:13–19
  22. Itzhaki RF, Wozniak MA, Appelt DM, Balin BJ. Infiltration of the brain by pathogens causes Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging. 2004;25:619–627
  23. Lerner AJ, Hedera P, Koss E, Stuckey J, Friedland RP. Delirium in Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 1997;11:16–20
  24. Balin BJ, Gerard HC, Arking EJ, Appelt DM, Branigan PJ, Abrams JT, et al. Identification and localization of Chlamydia pneumoniae in the Alzheimer's brain. Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl). 1998;187:23–42
  25. Miklossy J, Kis A, Radenovic A, Miller L, Forro L, Martins R, et al. Beta-amyloid deposition and Alzheimer's type changes induced by Borrelia spirochetes. Neurobiol Aging. 2006;27:228–236
  26. Ellen RP, Galimanas VB. Spirochetes at the forefront of periodontal infections. Periodontol 2000. 2005;38:13–32
  27. Riviere GR, Riviere KH, Smith KS. Molecular and immunological evidence of oral Treponema in the human brain and their association with Alzheimer's disease. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 2002;17:113–118
  28. Foschi F, Izard J, Sasaki H, Sambri V, Prati C, Muller R, et al. Treponema denticola in disseminating endodontic infections. J Dent Res. 2006;85:761–765
  29. Taubman MA, Valverde P, Han X, Kawai T. Immune response: the key to bone resorption in periodontal disease. J Periodontol. 2005;76(Suppl):2033–2041
  30. Albandar JM. Periodontal diseases in North America. Periodontol 2000. 2002;29:31–69
  31. Socransky SS, Haffajee AD. Dental biofilms: difficult therapeutic targets. Periodontol 2000. 2002;28:12–55
  32. Kornman KS, Page RC, Tonetti MS. The host response to the microbial challenge in periodontitis: assembling the players. Periodontol 2000. 1997;14:33–53
  33. Kornman KS. Interleukin 1 genetics, inflammatory mechanisms, and nutrigenetic opportunities to modulate diseases of aging. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;83:475S–483S
  34. Scannapieco FA, Bush RB, Paju S. Associations between periodontal disease and risk for nosocomial bacterial pneumonia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review. Ann Periodontol. 2003;8:54–69
  35. Zijlstra EE, Swart GR, Godfroy FJ, Degener JE. Pericarditis, pneumonia and brain abscess due to a combined Actinomyces–Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans infection. J Infect. 1992;25:83–87
  36. Dasanayake AP, Russell S, Boyd D, Madianos PN, Forster T, Hill E. Preterm low birth weight and periodontal disease among African Americans. Dent Clin North Am. 2003;47:115–125x–xi
  37. Beck JD, Offenbacher S. Systemic effects of periodontitis: epidemiology of periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease. J Periodontol. 2005;76(Suppl):2089–2100
  38. Taylor GW. Bidirectional interrelationships between diabetes and periodontal diseases: an epidemiologic perspective. Ann Periodontol. 2001;6:99–112
  39. Gatz MMJ, Fratiglioni L, Johansson B, Berg S, Reynolds CA, Pedersen NL. Potentially modifiable risk factors for dementia in identical twins. Alzheimer's & Dementia: the Journal of the Alzheimer's Association. 2006;2:110–117
  40. Lucas V, Roberts GJ. Odontogenic bacteremia following tooth cleaning procedures in children. Pediatr Dent. 2000;22:96–100
  41. Okuda K, Ishihara K, Nakagawa T, Hirayama A, Inayama Y, Okuda K. Detection of Treponema denticola in atherosclerotic lesions. J Clin Microbiol. 2001;39:1114–1117
  42. Pussinen PJ, Jousilahti P, Alfthan G, Palosuo T, Asikainen S, Salomaa V. Antibodies to periodontal pathogens are associated with coronary heart disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2003;23:1250–1254
  43. Desvarieux M, Demmer RT, Rundek T, Boden-Albala B, Jacobs DR, Sacco RL, et al. Periodontal microbiota and carotid intima-media thickness: the Oral Infections and Vascular Disease Epidemiology Study (INVEST). Circulation. 2005;111:576–582
  44. Ide M, Jagdev D, Coward PY, Crook M, Barclay GR, Wilson RF. The short-term effects of treatment of chronic periodontitis on circulating levels of endotoxin, C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-6. J Periodontol. 2004;75:420–428
  45. Craig RG, Yip JK, So MK, Boylan RJ, Socransky SS, Haffajee AD. Relationship of destructive periodontal disease to the acute-phase response. J Periodontol. 2003;74:1007–1016
  46. Slade GD, Offenbacher S, Beck JD, Heiss G, Pankow JS. Acute-phase inflammatory response to periodontal disease in the US population. J Dent Res. 2000;79:49–57
  47. Offenbacher S. Periodontal diseases: pathogenesis. Ann Periodontol. 1996;1:821–878
  48. McGeer EG, McGeer PL. Innate immunity in Alzheimer's disease: a model for local inflammatory reactions. Mol Interv. 2001;1:22–29
  49. McGeer PL, McGeer EG. NSAIDs and Alzheimer disease: epidemiological, animal model and clinical studies. Neurobiol Aging. 2007;28:639–647
  50. de Leon MJ, DeSanti S, Zinkowski R, Mehta PD, Pratico D, Segal S, et al. Longitudinal CSF and MRI biomarkers improve the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment. Neurobiol Aging. 2006;27:394–401

PII: S1552-5260(07)00621-8

doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2007.08.004

Alzheimer's & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer's Association
Volume 4, Issue 4 , Pages 242-250 , July 2008